Capital Punishment The Death Penalty - 1212 Words

Money, Complications, Delays, and Innocents: Controversy Against the Death Penalty The government has sanctioned the practice of the death penalty to those who are believed to be deserving of such serious retribution. Capital punishment manages to maintain a large amount of public support; however, it has recently received the label of a dying practice. The decline of executions can be traced back to the high price, complicated procedures, and ongoing trials placed on these cases because of the major risk factors. While many Americans still believe the death penalty ensures justice for serious crimes along with enhancing future public safety, those against this form of punishment claim the process of executing a person has too many†¦show more content†¦The death penalty not only enlightens many with hopes of a better future, but it also delivers justice to the past. Kent Scheidegger, Criminal Justice Legal Foundation director explains, â€Å"For some crimes anything less [t han the death penalty] is a gross miscarriage of justice† (Jost 981). Scheidegger, having dealt with many capital crime cases, sees the toll of emotions placed on the victims families’ emotions and the brutality of these crimes; therefore, understanding the justification behind the death sentence. Although the death penalty may be a reasonable punishment for most capital crimes, the high costs and problematic process that follows outweighs the potential benefits of any deterrents. Richard Dieter, the Death Penalty Information Center’s director, rationalizes the death penalty by stating, â€Å"[the public] generally support [the death penalty] in theory, but in practice they have deep concerns† (Jost 968). This reveals the true feelings of contradictory and doubt behind most of the people who support capital punishment have towards the complicated and flaw infested process. Many of these supporters try to justify some of the problems dealing with the death penalty by indicting the high price and ongoing trials are only the cause of death penalty lawyers trying to hinder more money out of these cases or attempting to delay their client s death. While many of these supporters believe these blockages are not truly necessary for these

Essay on Symbolism In The Veil - 1490 Words

Symbolism In The Veil The veil that the minister wears in The Ministers Black Veil, by Nathanial Hawthorne represents the emphasis on mans inner reality, and those thoughts and feelings which are not immediately obvious. As Hawthorne explored this inner nature, he found the source of dignity and virtue, and certain elements of darkness. When the minister first walks out of his home wearing the veil, everyone is astonished. This one man in this village decides to be a nonconformist and wear this veil without explanation. No one understands why the minister would wear such a veil for no reason at all. This is where all the assumptions begin to linger. All of the villagers have a story for why the veil is there. These people are†¦show more content†¦Yet perhaps the pale- faced congregation was almost as fearful a sight to the minister, as his black veil to them. (1281) In reality the veil represents the secrets everyone is hiding within themselves. The unifying them e is the conflict between the dark, hidden side of man and the standards imposed by his puritanical heritage. Hawthorne brings evil and unauthorized desire into the way of puritan life, and in so doing suggests a insightful truth that is disturbing in its implication, that is to say that we can never hope to know each others true selves. The themes in the story are suggested by the veil-symbol, the tension between the minister and the community. Every person has something to hide from the world. The veil is symbolic for the cover up of peoples secrets. Although most people would not wear a veil, the minister is proving a point. By wearing a simple black veil Mr. Hooper is making all the villagers evaluate their everyday actions in life. The symbolic value of the black veil lies in the physical and mental dilemma that it creates between the minister and his environment, and the guilt it conveys. Many people believe that the face provides information about a persons primary chara cteristics, therefore, predicting a persons possible behavior. As a result, byShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter And The Minister s Black Veil 1083 Words   |  5 PagesAlex Rojas Ms. Bacon English IV H 11/3/15 Many dark romantics use symbolism to support the themes in their stories. The themes represented by these symbols tend to represent sin and evil. Like many of his writing counterparts, Nathaniel Hawthorne extensively uses symbolism in several of his major works to explore sin and human nature. The Scarlett Letter, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Minister s Black Veil† are all vivid examples of this exploration and are the focus of this analysis. BeforeRead MoreSymbolism Is The Use Of Symbols To Signify Important Meaning1305 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism is the use of symbols to signify important meaning to things. These symbols could be basically anything in which a meaning is more than just the literal context. Hawthorne has several uses of symbolisms in his stories. Symbolism was very popular literary device during the Romantic period, where the object embodied some sort of idea. â€Å"The symbolism of his works focused on isolation and guilt of the individual, the uncertainties of good and evil, and the continual hold of the past on theRead MoreLiterary Analysis : The Minister s Black Veil 1224 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 21, 2015 Hawthorne, Nathaniel â€Å"the Minister’s Black Veil† Literary Analysis The minister is acquiring attention to actions of the town people to keep secret his guilty and sinful ways. The reader, while reading the short story, can conclude that the narrator is in third-person to reveal the character’s thoughts. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses lots of symbolism and figure of speech to clarify the ministers reasoning for the black veil over his face. The first figure of speech involves metaphorRead MoreTheme Of The Ministers Black Veil1080 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Symbolism in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† Each individual has to make the choice to either dwell on their sin, or let go of their sins. Some people can let it go and move on, but some try to hide from their sin. Some even hide from the sins of others. In his short story â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Nathaniel Hawthorne creates an eerie tale about the veiled minister of Milford Village. The main character, Mr. Hooper starts wearing a veil to his sermons. The whole town is skepticalRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1422 Words   |  6 PagesMinister’s Black Veil† and an abundant array of other books and short stories. The stories that are mentioned contain a copious amount of symbolism throughout the entirety of each book. All the stories that he ever wrote have an underlying meaning and the symbolism was hidden within in the names, characters, places, and actions that happened in the books and helped the readers to have a greater understanding about the Puritan lifestyle a nd the Bible. The dictionary definition of symbolism is the use ofRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1602 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious short stories. Much of his writings are categorized in the dark romanticism genre and centered in the Puritan New England society. His rhetorical style consists mainly of the incorporation of various rhetorical terms, notably imagery and symbolism, and morality, in order to teach the audience a lesson. Hawthorne also uses a similar dark and mysterious tone throughout his novels and short stories, yet it causes the reader to think out of the box. He leaves many of his stories open to interpretationRead MorePoe Hawthorne949 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding symbolism, allegory, suspense, characterization and great use of setting to make it very real to the reader. Both gothic writers set a different mood for the reader in their writings. Symbolism is present in stories to provide depth and insight into the plot. It’s the surroundings that make a character look a certain way to the reader. Both Poe and Hawthorne make use of symbolism in their writing. Hawthorne uses light and dark imagery in his short story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Ministers Black Veil By Nathaniel Hawthorne1549 Words   |  7 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† by Nathaniel Hawthorne follows the minister Mr. Hooper whose simple change in appearance alters the very nature of his existence in society till his death. While his decision to begin to wear a black veil over his face ostracizes him from society, it also turns him into a more influential clergyman. With the symbolism of the black veil, Hawthorne makes a statement on the involvement of society in personal matters and the â€Å"black veil† that is present over the heartRead MoreThe Ministerâ€℠¢s Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne 1144 Words   |  5 Pagesthis essay focuses on a specific parable written by Nathaniel Hawthorne entitled The Minister’s Black Veil. Notably, a parable is a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson. The characters and setting of which Hawthorne uses to get his point across creates an overwhelming atmosphere that increases the power of his message. An analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Minister’s Black Veil offers readers an opportunity to interpret and evaluate the various themes and symbols used by HawthorneRead MoreA Comparison of The Scarlet Letter and The Ministers Black Veil722 Words   |  3 Pages Throughout his literary endeavors, Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes symbolism to present a certain theme that pertains to human nature and life. In his works, The Scarlet Letter and The Ministers Black Veil, Hawthorne uses symbolism to present a common theme pertaining to religion; that though manifested sin will ostracize a person from society, un-confessed sin will destroy the soul. The central theme in The Scarlet Letter is that manifested sin will ostracize one from society and un-confessed

Love and War Free Essays

They say all is fair in love and war. This commonly known idiom is accepted across the nation because, in reality, both love and war result in someone getting hurt. Whether it be human emotions or a human leg that ends up getting torn apart, the victim in question is also to blame. We will write a custom essay sample on Love and War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone has complete and sole power over his or her emotions, and of their choice in a lover/choice to fall in love. When it comes to war, nobody (at least nobody who lives in America) is forced to enlist in any division of the army. It is a human right to protect one’s self from danger, and if that means not fighting for their country, then they don’t have to. However any particular that does choose to take part in battle understands the potential consequences. Both love and war are decisions, but the same is not true when it comes to economics and a person’s bank account. Financial status is determined at birth, which is very unlike the effects of love and war. Those who are born into wealth have the fortune of being able to start out their career, whatever it may be, at a higher than average rank. Achieving upper class status, retiring early, owning a fancy car, owning a big house etc. is sometimes caused by luck and can at times be the result of a high drive and a strong work ethic. Though, that is not usually the case. More often times than not, those who are rich when they are thirty, forty, seventy etc. start out that way. It all begins at birth. Upper class parents find it reputable to teach their children in a manner that is above par right from trying to get them to speak. Then, they send those children to a pre-pre school, followed by preschool, which not everyone has the opportunity to attend. Children from wealthy families usually attend private grade school (another privilege that comes along with having money), which starts them off with a good education and puts them on the path to a positive future. Upon applying for their first job at age sixteen or so (if they even want to; the rich usually have enough money to forget the job and focus on their bettering their education, which is yet another perk that sets them up for success), and since most of these people have lived in the same town for the entirety of their life, their parents have certain connections to certain businesses and business owners, and could easily get their kid an above par job (probably doing practically nothing) or better yet a high paying internship. The bonus of an internship, however, in this case would not be the extra cash. Rather, it would provide them with a positive learning experience. College is just another step in their life that will come easy, because they get into a better college than they should, simply because one of their parents went there, knew someone who went there, or because the admissions department can see a perfect scholarly record in their name (which, is what university is all about so, it greatly benefits them). Finally, offspring of the wealthy many times will take over their parents’ top tier business and make lots of money that way, or they will have done well enough at their great school (their parents set them straight from the beginning, it would be hard not to do well), that they acquired an equally prestigious or more prestigious job for themselves. Either way, the cycle of wealth starts again. In conclusion, all is fair in love and war. However, when it comes to financial status, it’s a man eat man world. And the ones with the money always win. How to cite Love and War, Papers

Demien Realism Essay Example For Students

Demien Realism Essay During the course of the novel Demian the author, Hermann Hesse, does create some curiosity in the reader but not much. One instance when Hesse is successful in creating some curiosity is during Emil’s period of being harassed by a local bully named Franz Kromer. During this period the reader wonders how Emil will be able to escape from Kromer’s black mailing and when Max Demian arrives and mysteriously helps out Emil, the reader is left to wonder what did Demian do to discourage Kromer from harassing Emil. Also the reader wonders why Demian would go through the trouble of helping Emil even though he does not know Emil very well. This is mostly all the excitement the book has. True there are some parts where readers could wonder what will happen to the protagonist, like when Emil becomes an alcoholic but how he is knocked out of that spiral is quite contrived. All of a sudden after just seeing a girl in the park Emil is able to completely change his life around. People work hard for years in rehabilitation centers to fight alcoholism and still even after beating it cannot have another drink in their life but Emil sees this one girl in the park and is instantly changed. Also Emil is so completely changed that later on he is capable of having a drink with Demian and still does not go back to his old ways. However this is very unrealistic and goes against common sense completely. Hermann Hesse does however do an excellent job in foreshadowing the conclusion of the story. In many instances he talks about some inevitable and shattering event that will change the lives of all the characters, namely Emil Sinclair and Max Demian. For example Emil says, I only feel that it (the sparrow hawk) signifies some shattering event that it concerns all of us. (pg. 159). And when the final chapter begins the reader does find out that war is probable between Germany and Russia. Also Demian is a lieutenant in the reserve unit of the German army so he will be on the front lines within a week and that Emil is very likely to be drafted. This is a bit of a shock to readers because before this chapter nothing is ever mentioned of Demian being a lieutenant in the army, which also seems a bit too contrived. There were no clues or hints to Demian s ranking in the military or for that matter when he first joins the military. Though there are parts in this novel that seem a little far from the norm and not much curiosity is created, there is great usage of foreshadowing. However telling a story was not Hesse s main motive in writing this book. Instead he used Emil Sinclair as a means of portraying his own life without actually calling it an autobiographical piece of work.

Adaptions in Ectothermic and Endothermic animals to extreme climates essays

Adaptions in Ectothermic and Endothermic animals to extreme climates essays First of all we need to understand what ectothermic and endothermic animals are. Animals differ in their abilities to regulate body temperature (thermoregulation). We sometimes use the terms "cold-blooded" or "warm-blooded." Most reptiles feel cold to the touch, while mammals and birds often feel warm. Somewhat more precise descriptions can be made by using the terms poikilothermic and homoiothermic. The body temperature of poikllotherms is relatively variable, while that of homeotherms is relatively constant. Even more useful terms are Ectothermic or Endothermic, which suggest two different mechanisms of thermoregulation. Ectotherms generally obtain heat from their external surroundings. Their body temperature varies, corresponding at any time with the temperature of their external environment. Endothermic animals, on the other hand, have relatively constant body temperatures. Their body temperature is independent of that of their external environment. Monkeys and walruses, for example, both have body temperatures of about 38aC, despite living in very different habitats. However if body temperature rises above its optimum level (usually around 40aC in mammals) then the enzyme rate inside the body will go into sharp decline. This is because enzymes are proteins, and become denatured. One of the first organs to be affected is the brain. Since the brain controls breathing and the circulation, the rise in body temperature disrupts the normal functioning of these important systems. If the body temperature decreases dramatically (hypothermia) then this will slow metabolic activity and impairs brain function. Here is a graph to show the relationship between the body temperature and environmental temperature for a cat (endotherm) and a lizard (ectotherm) Also we need to clarify what is meant by an extreme climate. In this investigation I will be using two different climates, The Desert and The Arcti...

T.S. Eliot -Mood And Theme Essays - Chapbooks, Free Essays

T.S. Eliot -Mood And Theme Essays - Chapbooks, Free Essays T.S. Eliot -Mood And Theme WITH REFERENCE TO THE LOVE SONG OF J. ALFRED PRUFROCK AND PREDULES. DISCUSS HOW T.S. ELIOT CONVEYS MOOD AND THEMES. Both Prufrock and Preludes are based in the same rootless world of sordid tedium. In Prufrock Eliot is conveying a theme a strong theme and is based heavily in the Persona of Prufrock himself. Preludes is a poem of changing moods, some subtle, some profound but this time conveyed primarily through diction and repetition. One theme of Eliots, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, is the exposure of the modern individuals inability and refusal to address inadequacies that he sees in both him and his society. Two ways Eliot conveys his theme is through the persona of Prufrock and repetition . One method used by Eliot to expose this theme is his use of the persona of J Alfred Prufrock. Prufrock is in part a shallow conformist, 41 ....My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin, 42 My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin- 43 (They will say: But how his arms and legs are thin!)...... However, almost tragically, Eliot has Prufrock aware of the shallowness of the society to which he conforms. 26 There will be time, there will be time 27 To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet. Prufrock observes his societys ability to totally disregard any question of substance, that is, the overwhelming questions. Yet despite his observations Prufrock is not prepared to confront his society, more importantly, himself. In deeper tragedy Prufrock is defeated by his knowledge of his inadequacies and states quite sincerely, And in short, I was afraid Two of the minor themes of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock concern the frustrations felt by the individual towards their society. Specifically the individuals insignificance in their society and the individuals inability to express themselves and be understood as an individual within that society. Repetition plays a crucial role in conveying the theme of insignificance. The repetition of, They will say:.., conveys Prufrocks feeling of insignificance and reveal a man totally absorbed in the judgments of others and not at all concerned with his worth as an individual. Eliots repetition of Do I dare? within the sixth stanza emphasises Prufrocks feeling of insignificance. Do I dare/ Disturb the universe? Despite the superficial judgments his society passes on him, Prufrock is still hesitant in speaking out against their empty lives. Prufrock is an extraordinary character and one who, despite his struggles, could easily erode into a world content with the futile pleasures of the society he scorns. Preludes is a series of four lyrics describing a modern city. The poem moves through four different time periods, beginning with one evening and continuing though to the following evening. Through these lyrics Eliot conveys the impression of a life that is soul destroying and meaningless. Preludes is used to explore the theme of the alienation of the individual from society. The mood is integral to understanding Eliots vision. It is the moods of desolation and despair, loneliness and struggle, affection and gentle care that reflects Eliots observations of the individual alienated from society. These moods are conveyed throughout the careful use of diction, imagery and repetition. Prelude I begins with an attractive, familiar setting, a winter evening. This however is short lived as we are immediately confronted with a decaying, suffocating world, 2 With smells of steaks in passageways... 4 The burnt-out ends of smoky days. Eliot creates a mood of desolation and loneliness through diction and imagery. The precise use of descriptive words compose this very mood. Words such as, burnt out, gusty, grimy, vacant, broken, and lonely, help set the mood for the remainder of the poem. In Prelude II the poem shifts to morning, but instead of the freshness and optimism normally associated with such a time, the morning is depicted, like a drunk awakening on the footpath, as coming to consciousness, vague and unsure of itself. Eliot creates a mood of desolation through sense-imagery: 14 The morning comes to consciousness 15 Of faint stale smells of beer 16 From the sawdust-trampled street... Eliots repetition of all and use a thousand in his description of the masses as an anonymous herd the impersonal mood of emptiness. While through imagery Eliot

Investment class assignment (behavioral bias) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment class (behavioral bias) - Assignment Example In most of these studies, researchers have been critical in finding out whether the biases are intentional or unintentional and whether or not forecast bias take place to serve any good to forecasters and estimator. In the current paper, an existing model proposed by Knill, Minnick and Nejadmalayeri (2011, p 13) is examined with a new touch of behavioral bias to find out how behavioral bias such as overconfidence can be incorporated into the framework outlined by the researchers. Furthermore, the effects of experience and information asymmetry shall be analysed to find their impact on such forecast bias that take place. The existing model The existing model or framework proposed by Knill, Minnick and Nejadmalayeri (2011, p. 87) is one that can best be described as integrated as it makes use of a number of components and aspects of general forecasting such as public information and private assessment. The model also considers common and idiosyncratic components of earnings forecast wh ere there is the use of previously disclosed information. This means that the model is built on the ideologies of Bayesians since there is the dependence on existing forecasts as a means of guaranteeing positive deviations to purchase private signals from firms (Knill, Minnick and Nejadmalayeri, 2011, p. 4). For analysts who make use of this framework or model therefore, there are avenues of selecting several factors and characteristic phenomena in the assessment process, all in a bid to coming out with a rational forecast bias. While some of these avenues may be directed at public information, others are directed at private information. Again, while some of the avenues tilt towards common components of earnings, others tilt towards idiosyncratic components of earnings; all in a bid to ensuring biases, even if they arise would give raise to a predetermined objective of the forecaster. How Behavioral bias can be incorporated into the model Already, it has been said that the existing model or framework is an integrated model. This means that there are several aspects of theoretical and methodological forecasting that have been put together to make its use effective (Nutt, Easterwood and Easterwood, 1999, p. 45). Indeed, this general basis of the model gives it practical reasons why there could be major additions and incorporations into it. For example, it is proposed that behavioral bias can easily be fit into the framework to make it even more effective. In its, behavioral bias may be defined as that kind or type of bias that is founded on the basis of experience and personal connections and rhetoric (Mest and Plummer, 2003, p. 108). As against the original model where analysts forecast is based on uncertainty, building behavioral bias such as overconfidence would demand some appreciable levels of certainty. Such levels of certainty would not come about to suggest that analysts would certainly get the results they anticipate or desire but that analysts would ex press certainty based on a previous experience that worked for a similar trend of earnings forecast. Indeed, as irrationality cannot be totally avoided, so would it be irrational to assume that exactly the same factors would prevail for a previous experi

Culture's social networks and social support in culture context Assignment

Culture's social networks and social support in culture context - Assignment Example These social networks and social support exist as a meshwork that connects individuals or institutions. The social sphere in the society greatly modifies the pattern of development and competencies of the children in later life. This gives an assurance of good life when they become adults. It is noteworthy that the exposure of these gadgets to the children brings heterogeneous outcomes that manifest themselves on how the child develops in the society. These outcomes may be of positive or negative consequences to the child and may even breed total distraction from the culture the society. The other immediate source of social development takes place when children interact with their parents. It is imperative that children copy lifestyles from the family members and make them permanent habits. The ethics and culture of the society are impeded in the family members. In this regard, the type of bonding activities between the family members and the children has a lifelong effect in shaping the infants’ future in the society (Tietjen 101). It is evident that by selectively exposing the child to diverse social networks, the child gets equipped with diverse life skills that shall be very useful in

HEB Grocery Store Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HEB Grocery Store - Case Study Example It holds the largest market share in San Antonio, Corpus Christi, and Austin. HEB is owned by the H.E. Butts since the commencement of the 21st century when it was established and is the major private company in the state of Texas. The H-E-B slogan possesses the same acronym as its slogan, which reads out, as â€Å"Here Everything is better†. To accomplish this, HEBN has committed itself to low prices, exceptional service, and friendly shopping. HEB has altered its marketing mix in accordance to the environment. Since the company is popular with Americans of Mexican origin, they carry many Mexican vegetables that might seem foreign to most Americans. HEB thrives on the unique skills and talents of its diverse, dedicated partners who embody their commitment to excellence and provide a strong, competitive advantage in the extremely competitive Texas market. One show of HEB’s internal strength is the consistently high ranking in industry magazines like Forbes and Progressi ve Grocer. The company’s long-standing support for charity has also grown a loyal base of customers. However, one of its major weaknesses is the demographical limitation as they mainly serve Texan towns. Externally, the company could look to increase its market share in towns outside Texas. They could also explore the opportunities from setting up shop in Mexico. The threats faced by HEB can all be tied to its numerous competitors, with Walmart a particularly fierce competitor. Various macro-environmental factors will affect the operations of HEB. These are economic factors like the economic crisis and technological ones too like social networking, which provides for a cheaper advertising platform. Additional factors are political and cultural in nature. HEB GROCERY STORE 1. Introduction & Background HEB Grocery Company is America’s fifteenth largest chain of grocery stores in terms of revenue, as well as being a market leader in Texas. It holds the largest market shar e in San Antonio, Corpus Christi, and Austin. As the largest private company in the state of Texas, HEB is owned by the H.E. Butts since the beginning of the 20th century when it was founded. With 269 stores in operation, most of its business revolves around combination food and pharmacy stores (Plunkett, 2009). Approximately 90 of the stores are small sized pantry stores that boast low prices, are built for convenience purposes and are located between Southwest Louisiana and South east Texas’ rural area. Sixty of the stores feature Gas N Go gasoline self-service islands. HEB also runs stores in Mexico, on top of those in Louisiana and Texas. Among the many products that they process are fruit drinks, meat, tortillas, baked goods, ice cream, cottage cheese, sour cream, yogurt, and milk. HEB also manufactures its own bottles and runs a photofinishing laboratory. The company does not have an official mission statement, although the H-E-B slogan, values, and commitments reveal t he daily mission that they are involved. The H-E-B slogan possesses the same acronym, which reads out, as â€Å"Here Everything is better†. To accomplish this, HEBN has committed itself to low prices, exceptional service, and friendly shopping. HEB has always believed that hard work is vital, as well as given extra attention to caring for their employees. Additionally, they have always dreamt big, hired great employees, offered the best customer service, as well as sold the safest and freshest product (Hylton &

Globalization and International Security

Globalization and International Security This research paper discusses the issues of globalization and international security in their interdependency and interrelation. Challenges and obstacles of the efficient international security policy are considered. Globalization and international security are two directly proportional notions: the quicker is globalization, the stricter is international security. Introduction International security is nowadays closely connected with the notion of globalization. These two concepts seem to be the basic in todays political and economic situation. Thus, to start with, we should identify the notion of the international security. International security is the set of measures performed by countries and various international organizations aimed at the provision of the mutual safety in the world politics. This set of measures involves the implementation of both military actions and diplomatic treaties and agreements. Both types of security national and international are closely connected. As far as globalization offers its ways to ever-growing interaction of people and nations in almost all aspects of the human activities, as well as greater proliferation of cultures, political, economic and social activities, this results in greater rejection. This happens because of the discrepancies in some major points such as religion, for instance, or property issues. The brightest example of the globalization influence on international challenges is terrorist attacks, particularly on September 11, 2001, because these were the first, and they entailed the complete reorganization of global vision of the international security issue. We may state that these attacks were conditioned by the effects of increasing political globalization striving of the US to get the control over Iraq and improve its position as the world leader and power controlling all aspects of the world political order. Therefore, the present paper discusses the issue of the impact the globalization has on the international security and challenges posed by this influence. As far as globalization is rather broad and general term, we will use more specific aspects of globalization such as terrorism and struggle with it, international security in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region resulting from the dramatic economic growth of this region, and other challenges of globalization as associated with the necessity to improve the international security of these countries. General discussion International security and globalization Starting from the end of the twentieth century and continuing in the twenty first century, the globalization of different issues has provided both positive and negative effects. The positive effects of globalization imply closer and thus more effective cooperation of nations on various issues. These involve the sphere of political, cultural, economic cooperation. However, the same issues may have negative effects because in such way the collision of different views happens and this results in the conflict, as we can see on the example of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 different views on the same question who will rule have predetermined the outcome of the conflict: dramatic and terrifying event, which made nations shudder in anticipation of the same threat. Thus, for the most part the growth of terrorist attacks resulted in the desire of nations improve their international security. This may be accomplished in a number of ways: either through military actions, as it has been alread y mentioned, but this method is too radical, or through agreements, treaties and participation in international security programs or associations. Despite the fact that since the ending of the Cold War, which happened more than decade ago, there was an anticipation of the dramatic improvement in the sphere of international and national security. However, these hopes have failed, for new challenges have replaced the threat of nuclear weapon and civilization destruction. New challenges and issues of international security posed by the globalization include terrorism, various forms of extremism, separatism, growth of the crime rates, corruption, weapons of the mass destruction, regional conflicts, ecological catastrophes etc. Despite the fact that these challenges existed previously, in the globalization era they have achieved another sounding, because the world became much more mutually dependent and interconnected than earlier. Therefore, these challenges have begun to obtain a universal character rapidly, thus posing a threat to both national and international stability and security. The lives of many people of different nations have become influenced by these issues and challenges posed to the regional and international communities, and this influences continues its growth. As foreign minister of Russia Igor Ivanov stated, Proof of this is the wave of terrorist acts, unprecedented in scale and cruelty that has rolled from New York to the Island of Bali and Moscow (Ivanov, 2003). The key issue nowadays is not even the disclosure of the spheres where globalization has threatened the security of states and their citizens, but rather that far more interesting nowadays question of the way the effects of international insecurity may be challenged. Besides, it should be defined, why there are so much threats confronting humanity at the beginning of the twenty first century, and what measures can be taken in order to prevent or neutralize the ever-increasing number of new challenges to the peace and international threats. Globalization has become the greatest and the most influential constructor of the new international security picture. Its influence on the development and facilitation of the relations between nations in this basic sphere is considered to be rather contradictory. Thus, on the one part, globalization furthers rapid advancement of technological and scientific progress and facilitates ever-increasing communication among nations. Thus, if we look at the issue more closely, we will see that globalization to great extent assists humanity in provision of the potentiality for improvement of the quality of the international security and brings it to another level of development. It is due to the mutual dependence between nations in almost all spheres of the political, economic, social order, that helps to develop absolutely novel political approaches targeting the creation of the democratic multiparty organizations of controlling the international system of security and in such way targeting the reliable solution of the security problems. Nevertheless, the process of globalization has negative meaning, which is expressed through the intensification of the old challenges of international security with the simultaneous raising of new challenges and dangers. The part of outer factors in the evolution of nations and countries is increasing crucially. Due to the discrepancies in the economic and financial power, the interrelation and mutual dependency between nations becomes ever more unstable and disbalanced. Despite the fact that a minor group of leading industrialized countries almost obviously plays the part of the grounds for globalization, the rest of the countries stays aside of the financial economic advancements. As a consequence, the differences of economic and social advancement of the world grow intensively. According to Ivanov, the world economy may nowadays be separated into two types of zones: zones of growth and stagnation. Therefore, as Ivanov states, in 1998 ten leading states recipients of foreign investments accounted for 70 percent of their total amount, and countries with a low development level accounted for less than 7 percent (Ivanov, 2003). At the same time eminent politician claims that While in 1960 the incomes of the richest 20 percent of the worlds population exceeded those of the poorest 20 percent by 30 times, by 2002 that gap had trebled (Ivanov, 2003). All these problems: unemployment, low wages, social injustice, discrepancies in the realm of religion, culture, etc, contribute greatly to the issue of international security improvement. Certain steps have been already made in this direction, and they appear to be rather effective, but they will be discussed later in this paper. As for the mutual dependence of globalization and international security, we may state that we become the witnesses of the transference of negative globalization aspects to the countries of the Third World. The point is that it is harder for the Third World nations to defend themselves from the negative influence of globalization, but what is far easier to people living in developed countries is that they are protected to a certain extent with the economic and political power of their states. Consequently, the deceleration of globalization processes results in the breaches widening, which concerns the gaps in speed and direction of both economic and social advancement of whole regions of the world. It should be also mentioned that the very notion of the state power is changing in todays world. International security nowadays is provided with the help of not only military forces, as it has always been, but also with the help of the financial, economic, information and other resources which affect allies and opponents particularly comes to the foreground. There are certain factors which supposedly make it either easier or more complicated for countries to obtain access to the advantages of globalization, and which become ever more involved in the armory of security strategies. Thus, globalization and attempts to manipulate its processes are often used as tools of pressure in politics and economy. This peculiarity of the current state of affairs with international relations is emphasized in the UN report called The Impact of Civilization on Social Development. This report underlines that concern over globalization is partly due to the fact that the national policies of states are increasingly influenced by policies pursued outside their boundaries (UN report). Although this concerns national security policies, it is obvious that the international security policies are affected by the global politics and economy as well. As an example of such connection we can provide the example of the International Security Assistance Force although this mission was established by the UN Security Council, a lot of countries of the world responded the call for assistance. Thus, the United Nations Security Council has established ISAF International Security Assistance Force, which is the development and security mission in Afghanistan, led by NATO. The mission was established on December 20, 2001 (UNSCR) and involves approximately thirty five thousand people. The troops for this mission were contributed by thirty seven countries. The main target of International Security Assistance Force was to protect Kabul (Afghanistan) during the war in Afghanistan (started in 2001), and provide the security of the people from the Taliban, al Qaida. There are a lot of tools which are used to influence international security through the globalization processes. According to Ivanov, these tools of manipulation include the following: Investment and credit diplomacy, which benefits from the sharp need of developing nations in loans and investments of foreign capital. Information diplomacy, which targets the prevalence in the space of the world information; Political engineering, which implies the joint usage of different levers such as economic, political, and military ones for the construction of the required type of partners. In other words, states are ready to accept the conditions of the answer to both national and international challenges and issues posed from outside the boundaries of these states. In general, it should be particularly underlined that the process of new international processes started in the period after the Cold War ending, obtained to a great extent unchangeable and uncontrolled nature. Consequently, as it turns out, the situation has arisen which is filled with a great potential for the crisis outbreak, but which is simultaneously useless for the prevention or solution of international security issues collectively, meaning with the help of the whole world community. The deficiency of efficient mechanisms for control and monitoring of the actions and adapting the interests of a group of governments can be implemented as the pretence or evidential support of the statement that the purchase of weapons of mass destruction, even if its quantity is insignificant, becomes almost the only way to ensure security in international terms in todays unpredictable and unstable world. The risk and challenge of such situation is in the fact that threats to national and international security will exist until some serious measures are taken. Terrorism as the threat to international security One of the most crucial challenges the world community faces nowadays is the identification of the most sharply states problems of national and international security notions, which are often closely connected. The current attempts of the world community to fight these problems should be analyzed and the question should be answered as for the effectiveness of these attempts. As it has been already mentioned, the threat of the international terrorism nowadays is posed rather obviously and thus becomes the major threat to the security of the humanity. One of the most difficult things in fighting terrorism, according to Russian foreign minister Ivanov is that terrorists usually change their techniques and strategies of fighting for their aims, and they used to find ever new targets of their just retribution: The population of the major megalopolises on the planet and strategically important marine transportation of energy resources, computer systems that support the life of a modern state, the transportation, tourist and banking infrastructures of the world this is by no means a complete list of targets of attacks that have already happened and may happen in the future (Ivanov, 2003). The key reason for the current situation existence is that extremist leaders try to breed strife, and in such way manipulate others. The most awful thing is that usually this happens on the political level, and people dependant on the state or government suffer in such situation. Thus, terrorist leaders try to destabilize the current state of affairs in separate countries through the use of causing strife as a result of religious, cultural or national discord. Thus, they find weak sides and strike a blow influencing not those separate countries but the whole world community. The growth of international terrorism had entailed the necessity to cooperate in order to fight international terrorism. Thus, national programs aiming the interaction against terrorism were established within the frameworks of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Commonwealth of Independent States (Ivanov, 2003). Their target is to put an obstacle on the way of the ever-spreading terrorism, particularly in Central Asia (Ivanov, 2003). Therefore, we should always remember that the protection of rights of every citizen is the direct concern of every country, that is why it is necessary to develop new more efficient programs aiming fight against terrorism and other threats to international security. The United Nations continue to claim its opinion as for the effective struggle with terrorism. According to the UN, this struggle should be supported essentially by the international law. This problem may be solved with the help of the UN, which has always taken great interest and participated in the affairs of terrorism protection, persecution of terrorists or terrorist loyal people, assistance to those people who have suffered from the extremist activity. International security in Asia-Pacific region Asia-Pacific region may be considered the developing one, because countries of this region traditionally have underdeveloped economies, and inexpressive politics but nowadays situation seem to have been changed. That is why it is rather unexpectedly for the world community to evidence the fact that Asia-Pacific region has become the center of the international security, in other words, the Asia-Pacific is currentlyhome to a wide range of attempts at international cooperation on security issues (Goh, Acharia, 2007). It has not been until the beginning of the 1990s that considerable developments and improvements in international issues resulted in the essential changes in the international security of Asia-Pacific region. The most important events which contributed greatly to the development of this region and brought about the transformations in the sphere of international security were the end of the Cold War and the vagueness of the situation with the American strategy as for East A sia. Besides, this resulted from the advancement of China on both political and economic arena due to its dramatic economic growth. It was exactly that economic growth that opened China to the world as the prospective country leading in terms of the economic growth and bringing changes at all levels of the development. Another reason for the change was the crisis of Asian economy in 1997, which damaged the region significantly and doubted the efficiency of the international institutions and the existence of the programs on international cooperation in the sphere of security provision. The activities of the terrorists in Southeast Asia, which have incurred from the terrorist attacks in the USA on September 11, 2001, contributed greatly to the change of the approach concerning national, international and local security. These examples of globalization require further research as for the conflict solving in Asia-Pacific countries. Great variety of approaches to international and national security was considered and thus they have changed significantly since the times of the Cold War. In 1994 the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Regional Forum was established, and it was the peak of the new initiatives developing in the region at those times. As for the increase of international security between countries of the Asia-Pacific region, we should state that there is growing effort to provide the international security with the combined effort of ASEAN countries, Japan, South Korea and China. Besides, great number of organizations has appeared which has certain relation to the security, such as the APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and others. As a rule, these cooperative efforts concern the issue of confidence establishing between Asia-Pacific countries. However, because of the differing conditions of these organizations operation, a lot of such efforts suffer from the deficiency of the mutual cooperation and lack of competition as well. Within the framework of the international security there are a number of questions which will be answered in the present paper. They include the concern over the APEC, the main issues of which were extended and thus achieved both greater role and importance on the political scene. So, the reason that has facilitated this transformation in goals of the APEC was the struggle against terrorism after the infamous event of 11 September. The issue of the terrorism in the era of globalization as the key concern of the world community has been considered in this paper. However, first we should answer the question how do relate those two notions of globalization and terrorism, and what are their common points. Therefore, we should mention that globalization has different layers, such as for instance political, economic, cultural and many other; and as a rule globalization is considered as the ever-growing interconnection between people and whole nations as a result of the progress and technol ogical advancements in communication facilities, transport, information technologies etc. It can be hardly doubted that the development of the communications, IT and transport as well as closer interaction between nations, has contributed greatly to the necessity of the international cooperation and security improvement. The reasons for the greater international danger may be waited from the side of international trade and economy on the whole, as far as money and power are closely interlinked and for the most part they are the reason for the majority of conflicts. Among other factors influencing international security is the institutional adaptability as stated by Goh and Acharia, who claim that it is the presence of or the presence of institutional mechanisms that could be adapted to respond to new challenges; in this case, the APECs leaders Summit was one such institution that provided a ready forum for the discussion of pressing security concerns among the regions heads of state (Goh, Acharia, 2007). They consider ASEAN and ARF to be as well corresponding in order to adopt and accommodate the supplementary frameworks of international security. However, these actions are considered to be the misuse of powers. For example, Association of Southeast Asian Nations nowadays significantly changes its previous orientation to international issues of security to the transnational ones. ASEAN Regional Forum has also adopted the program of dealing with international terrorism. According to investigation, performed by Goh and Acharia, the current standards of national interaction differ in various institutions. Thus, the most developed standards are those suggested by ASEAN, while those of Asia-Pacific institutions which are under the threat, are the standards of noninterference. It should be also mentioned here that legalization of the institutions of the Asia-Pacific region has obtained the formalized character. For instance, we can mention the the dispute settlement mechanisms created under the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), new rules for managing forest in ASEAN countries, the Declaration of Conduct (admittedly a weaker example) in the South China Sea, and moves to deviate from the consensus principle in ASEAN and the ARF (Goh, Arachia, 2007). These steps may be considered as the formalized operations of the improved and intensified international security. International Security before 9/11 and after it Thus, the infamous events of 9/11 became the turning point in the history of the international security. The thing is that, according to Khan, the discourse and direction of the international security issues and globalization processes has been changed. First of all, it should be mentioned that before that turning point the prevalent issues of the politic and economic concerns of the global community were the issues which concerned the geoeconomy (Khan, 2001). The majority of summits and international associations and organizations were concerned with the only question of globalization and humanitarian problems. However, nowadays geopolitics and other security issues have come to the foreground and the post-Cold War organizations determine further course of events, or as Khan put it, old language and institutions of the cold war are shaping our thinking about global politics (Khan, 2001). Khan evidences, that in the sphere of politics it had been decided prior to 9/11 that democracy is the only best way to arrange the most beneficial politics. In the sphere of economy, the World Trade Organization has established its own standards and thus different countries tried to raise their standards in order to comply with the new ones established by WTO. As for the social aspect, multinational corporations, for the most part American ones, influenced greatly the world popular culture. Therefore, it was the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, which changed everything. Globalization was accelerated, and this resulted in more or less free movement of capital, labor, technology and other material and immaterial resources across the boundaries of the countries. Thus, as far as globalization is the way to open all possible borders and make this flow across the borders free to the greatest extent, the main task of the international security, on the contrary, is to restrain this free flow and in such way secure and protect entrusted peoples and territories. Thus, one of the ideas after the terrorist attack that possessed political minds was the thought that to a certain extent this event was facilitated by the liberal policies of transactions across the borders. And as far as liberalism and democracy are interconnected notions, the position of democracy as the leading and the most appropriate political structure was undermined. The intensification of the international security thus implies the slowdown in the economy, because with harder control of the transactions the flow of capital will be slowed too. The most primitive but nonetheless still effective measures of international security are those which will prevent the free crossing of borders by terrorists: this includes stricter VISA provision, new regulations concerning border patrol and stricter policy of foreigners monitoring and control. On the governmental level national security is provided with the increase of international cooperation, which helps to ensure the legitimacy and reliability of information crossing the borders. Although this concerns national security first of all, in fact international security is also involved here, as far as nations cooperate with each other, exchange information and resources and this makes these countries vulnerable. That is why the efficient system of the international security monitoring is needed. As it has been already mentioned, the relation between globalization and international security is directly proportional, as far as it was globalization that facilitated the emerging of terrorists as the phenomenon of the world politics. However, globalization has been developing throughout many centuries, and nowadays it had just increased its pace. Of course, the most efficient measure of the security provision is at the same time the most radical and the most impossible to accomplish. The point is that it is absolutely impossible to close the borders and let each nation live without cooperation and interaction with other nations. It can be undoubtedly stated, that it is impossible to do. And Khan supports this idea stating that all advanced economies depend considerably on international trade 25% of US economy is dependent on international trade. The information technology sector in the US and increasingly in Europe now depends on technical expertise of global labor, particularly from India and China (Khan, 2001). Thus, complete separation and estrangement is impossible, and the only way to withstand the blow of terrorists is to intensify the international security policies and restrain the pace of globalization. Conclusion Consequently, in the present paper we have discussed the issues of the international security and the influence of globalization on the international security. As a result of the research, it became obvious that globalization and international security are closely connected. First of all this is true because they are directly proportional, i.e. with the acceleration of globalization the international security policies should be intensified. Despite the fact that for the most part the paper is dedicated to international security and related issues, in fact it is very difficult to differentiate the notions of national and international security, because again due to globalization these two concepts became mutually dependent and interrelated. Consequently, having discussed the abovementioned issues we may state that the impact of the globalization on the international security and challenges posed by this influence are rather various but in any case complicated. Using globalization as a general term, we have used more specific aspects of globalization such as terrorism and war against with it, international security in the nations of the Asia-Pacific region coming from the considerable economic growth of this region, and other challenges of globalization as connected with the necessity to improve the international security of these countries. As for the countries of Asia-Pacific region, their policies of international security has been developing and intensifying since the ending of the Cold War. ASEAN Regional Forum, ASEAN Free Trade Area, APEC and others are the decisions taken in response to the globalization advancement and international security improvement. Bibliography 1. Acharya, A. (2001). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia. London: Routledge 2. Acharya, A. and E. Goh.(2007). Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific: Competition, Congruence, and Transformation. The MIT Press 3. Blair, D. (2000). Security Communities the Way Ahead for Asia, InternationalHerald Tribune, April 21, 2000 4. Garofano, J. (2002). Power, Institutions, and the ASEAN Regional Forum: A Security Community for Asia? Asian Survey, 42 (3), 502-521. 5. Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press 6. The Impact of Civilization on Social Development. (2004). UN report. 7. Ivanov, I. (2003). International Security in the era of globalization. Khatmandu: The Telegraph 8. Khan, M. (2001). Terrorism and globalization. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2007 from Glocal eye website: http://www.glocaleye.org/ 9. Maloney, S. M. (2005). Enduring The Freedom: A Rogue Historian In Afghanistan. Dulles: Potomac Books, Incorporated 10. Ruggie, J. G.. (1993). ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form. New York: Columbia University Press 11. Tow, W. (2001). Asia-Pacific Strategic Relations: Seeking Convergent Security. New York: Cambridge University Press 12. Wesley, M. (2003). Mediating the Global Order: The Past and Future of Asia-Pacific Regional Organizations, in David Lovell, ed., Asia-Pacific Security: Policy Challenges Singapore: ISEAS

big bang theory Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Big Bang theory states that all the matter that is in the universe was once in a very small amount of space with infinite temperature, pressure, and density. This theory is well supported and there are many reason for it’s support. One main reason is that no one really has a clue and The Big Bang Theory seems far fetched but more reasonable than any other ideas that there are out there. Some of the important thing to know about the big bang to understand are the beginning and the few seconds immediately after the actually bang. Also what generally has happened since the then. It is important to know theories of how it will end as well, and to get a well rounded opinion, I feel it useful to have some of the other possibilities outlined. The best place to start is the beginning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the things that cosmologists are not yet sure about is the Big Bang itself. It is not yet possible to give a definitive answer to the questions: what was the Big Bang and why did it happen? However, there has been a great deal of speculation recently on this subject, and it may not be long before a definitive, or almost definitive, answer will be declared. For the moment we will simply take the Big Bang as it is given, a huge explosion in which time and space began expanding. It is important to realize that space itself originated in the Big Bang. IT is tempting to think of the universe before the Big Bang as being a vast, infinite, expanse of empty space, like the space between the galaxy clusters today. The Big Bang, then, would have flung matter into this nothingness, but this is not what happened. Space itself was created during the Big Bang. Einstein and all subsequent cosmologists have viewed space as being as real as matter. In fact, physicists now v iew empty space as a sea of â€Å"virtual particles†. So space is now expanding along with the galaxies and stars that exist with it and has been expanding ever since the Big Bang.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Actually, cosmologists actually have a clearer picture of what the universe was like during the period right after the Big Bang than they are about the universe today. The reason for this is universe was very simple, in comparison, then. The universe was filled with a hot soup of particles like a hot gas trapped in a box. The photons in the cosmic microwave bac... ...re is only so much energy available in the universe for the building of new stars. Just as the law of thermodynamics tell us that a closed universe can’t go on forever, so they tell us that new stars cannot go on being created forever in an open universe. Eventually the last star will die out and will not be replace. The proton will eventually decay. After about a billion billion billion billion years, all atoms will fall apart, and matter as we know it will cease to exist. The universe will be a vast sea of leptons and messenger particles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One main, but unsupported, theory is that the universe was created by God. This theory is not excepted in the scientific community because in has no evidence to back it up. That doesn’t mean it isn’t a possibility. There are a few other theories of the creations of the universe, but no other theories are as excepted as the big bang theory. Some of the important stuff to know that I have covered is the eras right after the Big Bang, the Big Bang it self and a few of the possible endings to the universe. I hope with this information you can have a better understanding of the universe, its creation, and it’s endings.

Explication of a Poem: Making a Fist by Naomi Shihab Nye

The title contributes, to us readers as it shows, that we are alive and strong as long as we can still make a fist. The person speaking in this poem is speaking to her daughter after a long car ride of days and days, maybe even weeks. Her mother is giving her comfort and reassuring her that even though people go through obstacles, you need to be strong enough to go through many aspects in life to bring happiness. And just tells her if you can still make a fist you are still alive. You will make it through because she believes her daughter has the strength to get through all the obstacles they have and will go through. This poem is very easy to understand, I think she did very well with her words and references of the content. I believe this story develops as a true statement, I think the lady speaking with her daughter has gone through similar obstacles as a child and her mother reassured her as she does for her daughter. It is always important to tell your children that they are strong and can make it through anything and that’s all she is trying to do. Many people face difficult times in life and that’s why it sounds so much like a true statement then just a story. Strength is very important to have and is always nice to have someone’s reassurance. Main idea of this poem is Strength. To never give up, and you are strong enough to get through anything even at rock bottom. The figurative language is symbolism the writer is giving her worlds to create the image using more meaningful words rather than a writers experience.

Culture and Organizational Change

Culture and Organizational Change Free Online Research Papers The concept of culture is particularly important when attempting to manage organization-wide change. Practitioners are coming to realize that, despite the best-laid plans, organizational change must include not only changing structures and processes, but also changing the corporate culture as well. (www.carla.umn.edu/culture.html) accessed 10th March 2008. An effective organizational culture aligns with the business strategy to ensure that the company meets its long-term goals, writes Vinita Gupta. Corporate culture has a major impact on employee morale and productivity. It is not about just being a good employer, but about having employees committed to the vision and the strategy of the organization, and possessing the will and the means to make these a reality. Creating and sustaining a healthy, vibrant culture requires reinforcement of the culture through daily and proactive conversations and communications. The failure to discuss the values, purpose, and rules within a group often leads to a culture that is at cross purposes with the stated intention of the group. Poor communication creates a lot of confusion and often a crisis of meaninglessness. Retrieved from evc.msh.org on 15/3/2008 Culture change is difficult and time consuming because culture is rooted in the collective history of an organization, and because so much of it is below the surface of awareness. In general, the process of culture change must include the following steps, Herbert (1976): Uncover core values and beliefs. These may include stated values and goals, but they are also embedded in organizational metaphors, myths, and stories, and in the behaviors of members. Acknowledge, respect, and discuss differences between core values and beliefs of different subcultures within the organization. Look for similarity between conscious and unconscious beliefs and values and resolve by choosing those to which the organization wishes to commit. Establish new behavioral norms (and even new metaphor language) that clearly demonstrate desired values. Repeat these steps over a long period of time. As new members enter the organization, assure that they are surrounded with clear messages about the culture they are entering. Reinforce desirable behavior. The culture of a group can now be defined as: A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. (Schein 373-374) According to Edgar Schein, cultural analysis is especially valuable for dealing with aspects of organizations that seem irrational, frustrating, and intractable. He writes, The bottom line for leaders is that if they do not become conscious of the cultures in which they are embedded, those cultures will manage them. (Schein 375) Forces that act as a stimulant for change, Robbins, (2001): 1. Changing nature of the workforce almost every organization has to adjust to a multi cultural environment. Human resource policies and practices have to change in order to attract and keep this more diverse work force. 2. Technology the substitution of computer control for direct supervision is resulting in wider span of control for managers and flatter organizations. Many jobs are being reshaped because of this. 3. Economic shocks economic problems within the country the organization is operating in or other countries it has links to may lead to a need for change of strategy. 4. Competition Global economy means that competitors are likely to come across different borders. An organization needs to change to be able to survive with the new competition knocking at its door. Development of new product or improvement on existing ones may aid in this aspect. 5. Social trends attitudes towards something e.g. attitude towards smoking, popularity of products for example sports utility vehicles. 6. World politics for example, opening of markets in china lead to new potential customers to global organizations, Black rule in South Africa caused a restructuring of organizations to be able to accommodate all races in equitable proportions. Change, Its Culture Bound, Robbins (2001) Culture and its environment Culture varies in terms of belief about their ability to control their environment. In cultures where people believe that they can dominate their environment, individuals will take a proactive view of change. In cultures where people see themselves as subjugated to their environment, they would naturally take a passive approach towards change. Culture and time A culture’s time orientation can help with change. Cultures that focus on the long term will generally tend to show patience while waiting for positive outcomes from change efforts. In cultures with short term focus, people expect to see quick improvements and will seek change programs that promise fast results. Culture and change resistance Resistance to change is influenced to a society’s reliance on tradition. Societies that dwell on the past will generally resist change while those that focus on the future aspects of life will be more open and will readily accept change faster. Culture and its influence on change efforts Power distances can explain this further. In high power distance cultures, change efforts will tend to be autocratically implemented by top management. In contrast, low power distance will value democratic methods. Participation from low power distance cultures will be greater due to the democracy of the organization. Culture; Teamwork and Innovation The importance of corporate culture is growing as the result of several recent developments. Companies are encouraging employees to be more responsible and act and think like owners. They are also encouraging teamwork and the formation of teams as a strong culture is one in which they work together effectively, share the same values, and make decisions to meet the organization’s primary goals and objectives. A company must cultivate a creative corporate culture that transcends the ability to capitalize on emerging opportunities, and begins to create and exploit opportunities in the global marketplace Culture and Human Resource While corporate culture is not necessarily the responsibility of HR, the people who are hired and the training and cultural imperatives placed on the business are done through HR, hence it can have a big impact on whether or not the firm is culturally attuned to innovation. Over time, one can argue that innovation is a sustainable competitive advantage, and that businesses that attract and retain creative, innovative people and implement a culture that sustains innovation, will possess a strong competitive advantage. If so, HR will have a huge impact on that company and its culture To answer the question of whether organizational change is good or bad, we will look at the advantages of change and the disadvantages. Whichever outweighs the other is the answer to our question. ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE 1. Sharing of ideas; In case of mergers there will be an increase in talent and new ideas will emerge from the different bits that individuals bring to the table. With this, you are able to come up with more products that may be enticing to your consumers. 2. Acquisition of new clientele In some cases when an organization changes it is able to serve a much wider client base with more resources or even with redirection of the resources it is currently operating with. Change can simply enhance your appeal to more potential customers and may even sway customers loyal to your competitors. 3. Competitiveness Organizations have to constantly change in order to keep up with the changing market and to be able to keep up with its competitors. This also provides a competitive edge against your competitors who will always be left guessing what you are up to. 4. Retention of employees When an organization seems not to be willing to change the employees get bored with the monotony and will look elsewhere for new opportunities that seem more challenging. With a fresh venture, employees may feel that they are entering into a new chapter in their lives and will be more willing to work for the company due to the enthusiasm of a new venture. 5. Gender equality Being a relatively new concept all organizations must work hard to give their employees equal opportunity according to their capabilities and not because or their sexuality. 6. New challenges Employees get an opportunity to tackle new challenges that arise from organizational change. The organization will also tackle new challenges with the new or expanded market they are in. DISADVANTAGES OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE 1. Cultural differences In the case of mergers there will be a conflict in organizational cultures thus it is important for the organizations to agree on the modes that will be used to carry out decisions. This may hamper growth of the organization. 2. Loss of jobs Some people become redundant when new technology is introduced or even mergers take place as they see it as a potential threat to their future. Many companies will tend to lay off these workers because training them will be expensive. 3. Communication breakdown If there is consistent change in an organizations hierarchy there will be a communication breakdown because employees can not keep up with the demands of different individuals. With communication breakdown comes misunderstanding and conflicts may arise. 4. Loss of clientele When some organizations merge or change their names, some clients are left out due to lack of information in the midst of all the confusion. Other clients may not be willing to be part of the change and may opt to go take their business elsewhere. With the above advantages and disadvantages, we see that change is more profitable for an organization and an individual. In management, there is a strong rule of, â€Å"Change or Die!† References 1. Stephen P.R. Organizational Behaviour. 9th Edition Prentice Hall, USA, New Jersey 2001 2. Theodore T. H. Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New York 1976 3. Edgar H. S. Organizational Culture and Leadership. 4. http://carla.umn.edu/culture.html 5. http://books.google.co.ke 6. http://evc.msh.org Research Papers on Culture and Organizational ChangeAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemEffects of Television Violence on Children

Colonial Democratic Ties essays

Colonial Democratic Ties essays English colonies, often established for the soul purpose of expanding the kingdoms of their monarchs, spurred the beginning of American democracy ruled by the majority of the people. Democratic characteristics were augmented by the will of the people, in such places as Virginia and Massachusetts, to gain freedom from a single monarchist. Although there was evidence of an early democracy, the chains of the King that held the colonies together were not completely broken. The British colonies first indication of any legislature was in the Virginian colony of Jamestown. A group of men, usually over the age of 17, congregate at a church to discuss the political and economic issues of Jamestown. This assembly of men, named the House of Burgesses, was substantiation of an early representative government. There was a governor of the House of Burgesses that was elected by leaders of The Virginia Company in London, England. The governor then selected six supporting members that were important men in the colony to be his council. The other 15 members were assembled through the voting by the people of the Jamestown Colony as a whole. The Plymouth Colony, often called Americas Birthplace of Democracy, was not the first British colony, but it was one of the most significant. The Mayflower Compact, a written document signed by the pilgrims, pledged allegiance to the king of England but also established that the colony would govern by the will of the people, or the majority. This clearly shows that Plymouth was ran democratically. Democratic influence were definitely present in early English colonial society, but because the king of England ruled with the proverbial iron fist, there was an abstention from becoming a true democracy. Although such contractual agreements, such as the Mayflower Compact, and forms of legislation, like the House of Burgesses, had substantial qualities of a gov ...

Forensic Psychology and Criminal Investigation Essay - 3

Forensic Psychology and Criminal Investigation - Essay Example Pornography might initially be used for sexual relief; however, in the longer run, it only serves as a lethal toxin, paving the way towards pathological behaviour. Empirical studies have established a strong co-relation between violent pornography and sexual aggression, sexual callousness, acceptance of the rape myth and such sexually deviant beliefs (Allen, Emmers, Gebhardt, & Giery, 1995). Over the past few decades, the increased portrayal of group sex, anal intercourse, sadomasochistic behaviour, and trivialization of child sexual abuse has resulted in marked increase for real in such deviant practices (Langstrom & Zucker, 2005). With the proliferation in pornography, hyper-sexualisation has flooded contemporary societies (Longo, Brown, & Price, 2002). Nowadays adolescents reach puberty earlier, indulging in various risky sexually deviant acts. Similarly, adults have displayed an accelerating trend towards cohabitation, having children without the burden of being wedlock. Thus, today’s technological era demands stringent supervision and restrictions on Internet use. Undoubtedly, this shield against Internet pornography, will allow individuals to unfold sexuality in a healthy, natural, and socially acceptable manner. In the modern sexualized culture, children need to be taught abstinence to channel their sexuality towards stable marriage, reproduction, and a healthy family life (Carroll, Padilla-Walker, Nelson, Olson, Barry, & Madsen, 2008). It is high time for government to alter its relatively laissez-faire attitude towards Internet pornographic explosion by banning such websites. It is difficult to ascertain as to what precisely constitutes as acceptable pornography since people are aroused to varying content. Extreme pornographic images as delineated in section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 are already banned in the United Kingdom. This comprises of images that

Hospitality and Tourism Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hospitality and Tourism Business - Essay Example Moreover, the industry also performs a key role in dealing with the aspect of unemployment all over the world by employing millions of people worldwide. In the contemporary context, the industry has undergone various noteworthy changes and its significance has reached a considerable level altogether (Barrows & Powers, 2008). It is apparent that the tourism and the hospitality industry have emerged as quite crucial with its presence being quite prominent all over the world. It is worth mentioning in this context that there are certain characteristics of this particular industry, which are observably unique and different from other industries upto a marginal extent. Some of the differing characteristics of this particular sector include its predominant nature of being a service industry although imbibing the characteristics of a product oriented industry as well, the labour intensive nature of this sector and the aspect of seasonality among others. All these facets are crucial for busi ness operating in this sector, with the purpose of devising their strategies ensuring sustainability in their operations (Tesone, 2012). Contextually, the primary intention of the discussion henceforth will be to analyse the characteristics of this particular sector in detail and recommend strategies to the small business units operating in this particular sector.... Over the years, the industry has expanded its presence extensively and has become a major contributor towards the development of the world economy. Arguably, the current prospects of the hospitality and tourism industry of the world have been in an ever rising mode and are expected to continue the same way in the near future. However, it is important to note that there are several reasons, which have contributed towards the immense growth of this particular industry in the recent years. Among the several factors, the uniqueness of the industry is one vital domain, where it excels evidently. Correspondingly, it is often argued that the hospitality and the tourism industry of the world are quite unique as it possesses certain characteristics that are quite different from other forms of industry to say the least (Brotherton, 2013). The hospitality and tourism industry is one of the few industries of the world, where the services provided to the customers are treated as the ultimate prod ucts; therefore making an initiative to mitigate the gaps and differences between product management principles and the notion of services management (Education Bureau, n.d.). Thus, the products offered to the customers in this particular sector are considered as intangible and perishable. The companies therefore strive to ensure effectiveness in their performance with the help of delivering efficient services to the customers, further ensuring maximum satisfaction from them. The primary emphasis of the business, in this particular sector, is therefore to develop the quality of the services in order to ensure a sustainable presence in the increasingly competitive environment, over a longer period of time (Vasile, 2009). Another unique characteristic of the

The Owner of Roseland - Jean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Owner of Roseland - Jean - Essay Example A profit à   prendre is the right to go on to someone else's land and acquire natural materials from it and include the right to mine, quarry, fish, and hunt, graze animals or cut turf. It is important for Jean to understand that order to ascertain whether there is a profit a prendre, it is not necessary to show that the relevant right that has been granted gives an appreciable benefit to the dominant land. Gale suggests that the question of whether a right can be a profit depends upon the nature of the right and its relevance to the dominant land. Profit of pasture is an ancient right but still generally claimed today. It is a profit because grazing animals take grass and other plants from the land. This cannot exist as a right to graze an unlimited number of animals as this would wear out a land, and the traditional limit is the maximum number of animals which can be supported through the winter, as mentioned in Mellor v Spaceman, 1669. Unlike an easement, a profit may not be appu rtenant to land, in which case it may be exercised for the personal benefit of its owner. Profit appurtenant can change character. Bettison v Langton, 2001, is the authority of the rule.   In the unregistered land system, a legal profit is enforceable against any purchaser, under the principle that legal rights bind the whole world. However equitable profit has to be registered as a charge through some passages in E. R. Ives Investment v High, 1967, suggest that some equitable profits may be enforceable without registration.  And in  Carr v Lambert  1866, 1 Ex 168, 175 relevancy and couchancy was described as a "measure of the capacity of the land to keep cattle out of artificial or natural produce grown within its limits".

Role of Women in Russia Between 1928 and 1941 Essay Example for Free

Role of Women in Russia Between 1928 and 1941 Essay How far did the role of women in Russia change between 1928 and 1941 The role of women in 1928 was that of being part of the work industry; 3 million women were employed because of the demands of the Five-year plans. Though Soviet Russia was meant to be a ‘classless society’ there were still inequalities specifically between men and women. However by 1940 there were 13 million women working in the Russian industry which shows change nevertheless women spent an average of 5 times as longer on domestic responsibilities’ than men, this is an example of continuity. The domestic role for women was in in addition to working on collective farms or in Soviet industry they were expected to be responsible for household chores, such as cooking, cleaning and childcare. Furthermore another responsibility of women was to reproduce because the trauma of industrialisation and collectivisation had led to a dramatic decline in the birth rate in the early 1930s. The communist government then introduced polices to try and reverse this trend. In addition to these wives of party officials were expected not to work, but to devote themselves to managing ‘a well-ordered communist home’. In the 1920s it was common for communist families to employ nannies however by the mid-1930’s this was frowned upon, this shows a significant change between what is the more important role to play in this time period. Women were now expected to be ideal mothers and partners. Their homes were to be examples of ‘order, warmth and feminine comfort, and their husbands expected their wives to be caring and attentive. They were the men there jobs consisted of being party leaders and even though they had been liberated from their domestic duties, such as chopp ing wood and carry water, due to mechanisation, women had none of these advantages. Also in the 1930s Zhenotdel, a women’s branch of the Communist Central committee was closed down due to the fact that the Communist Party believed that sexuality had been achieved. Soviet authorities discouraged abortion in 1936, making it all but illegal. The law banned terminations except where they were necessary to save the life of a pregnant woman. This forced women to have children they may or may not have wanted. Doctors who performed abortions on ‘underserving’ women could be sentenced to two years imprisonment. Husband who put pressure on their wives to terminate pregnancy would then face the same penalty. This was to promote the image of ‘a communist family life’ this consisted of the Stalin government reemphasising the value of marriage, they reintroduced wedding rings in 1936, and these had been banned in 1928. Also in 1936 the administration started printing marriage certificates on high quality paper to symbolise the importance of the union. Women were now getting married more and more frequently as the 1937 census showed that 82% of women aged 30 and 39 were married. The mid-1930s is when introducing traditional gender roles and sexual attitudes were reasserted across Russia. Making women stay at home and Communist husband were to be the main income earners in the family. Another way to promote ‘a communist family life’ was to control the sex that went on. In 1934 the government reintroduced a more traditional perspective on sexual morality. This was backed up by police action against young women who had an ‘immoral appearance’. This victimised woman as it was another rule to control their lives, in addition to this Soviet policy makers also turned against contraception. Another role of women that occurred during The ‘Great Retreat’ was the Soviet authorities recognising the important contribution made by women to Russian industry; they then increased the allocation of place in height or technical education available to women, from 30% in 1929 to 40% in 1940. This was also a significant change as women were allowed to further their education however they were still unequal to their male counterparts as the income of men was only 60-65% of the income of men doing the same job. Another area women excelled was the agricultural economy. By 1945, 80 of collected farm workers were women. They also represented the e Stakjanovite movementt in the countryside. The most celebrate rural Stakhanovite were both female,

Riot Grrrl: Empowering Women and Changing the World Essay -- Feminism

Take a moment and envision yourself accompanying your significant other at a highly anticipated punk rock concert. Upon arrival, he immediately insists that you play the role of a â€Å"good girlfriend† by holding his jacket while he and the rest of the male audience move up towards the mosh pit. You soon find yourself pushed and shoved to the back of the room, the farthest distance away from the stage as possible, along with hundreds of other â€Å"good girlfriends† as personified coat hangers. This was an issue faced by many women in the early 90’s who were interested in the punk rock scene, yet were unable to have their voices be heard, until now. Riot grrrl, a radical feminist movement that thrived in the underground punk scene has challenged the media to take a step back and recognize the women involved to be able to portray and express themselves without the need of society’s written standards of how or what the ideal woman should be. In Kevin Dunn a nd May Farnsworth’s article, â€Å"We ARE The Revolution†: Riot Grrrl Press, Girl Empowerment, and DIY Self-Publishing, the authors mention how riot grrrl members took matters into their own hands by establishing their own interpersonal sources of positive and influential media through utilization of radio shows, fanzines, television programs, and creative outlets to promote self expression and awareness. They had every good intention to carry these opportunities out since the media has long been known for deliberately distorting every ounce of truth they are given. Misconceptions of feminism have especially emerged through the deceitful tactics of the media and have managed to successfully establish a negative connotation with the movement of feminism. When questioned on the topic of feminism,... ... permanent mark on today’s world. It may be considered a man’s world for now, but with the efforts of millions who support the same values that riot grrrl enforces, it will soon it will be a world of equality where both men and women have equal opportunities to have their voices be heard. Works Cited Downes, Julia. Women Make Noise: Girl Bands from Motown to the Modern. Twickenham: Supernova, 2012. Print. Dunn, Kevin, and May Summer Farnsworth. "â€Å"We ARE The Revolution†: Riot Grrrl Press, Girl Empowerment, And DIY Self-Publishing." Women's Studies 41.2 (2012): 136-157. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Dec. 2015. Leonard, Marion. Gender in the Music Industry: Rock, Discourse, and Girl Power. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2007. Print. Meltzer, Marisa. Girl Power: The Nineties Revolution in Music. New York: Faber and Faber, 2010. Print.

Mernissi Essay -- English Literature Essays

Mernissi Mernissi makes the claim that "Any man who believes that a Muslim woman who fights for her dignity and right to citizenship excludes herself necessarily from the umma...is a man who misunderstands his own religious heritage, his own cultural identity" (Mernissi viii). She goes about supporting this claim by delving into the very detailed documentation of Islam history. She attributes misogyny in the past and present Muslim culture to the male elite. She gives many examples of how Muhammad and Islam have only supported equality of the sexes and also how the male elite used false hadiths and very narrow interpretations of the Koran and true hadiths for their purpose. She begins by describing how the male elite started running things right from the onset of Muhammad's death. When a successor to Muhammad was picked, it did not involve the people of the community at all or any women. It was done by a small group of followers which were very close to the prophet, a sort of elite group. This sort of leadership in Islam continued in the same manner as only the elite were involved. This helped preserve what they thought was essential and according to the interests of the participants the essentials varied. The fabrication of false hadiths by the male elite was probably the first and most popular way for them to protect their interests. The people governing knew how important it was to "seek legitimacy in and through the sacred text" (Mernissi 43). Mernissi talks about al-Bukhari, who methodically and systematically collected and verified true Hadiths. He was exiled from his native town because he refused to bring the knowledge of the Hadith to the governor of the town and have it corrupted. He knew that the invitation from the governor was made only for him to probably fabricate some Hadith which would benefit the politicians. Many did not follow al-Bukhari's example but allowed themselves to be bought for a price and fabricated Hadiths for the politicians. Even Companions of the Prophet fabricated Hadiths in order to promote their own personal views. In the case of the Hadith which states, "Those who entrust their affairs to a woman will never know prosperity", Mernissi argues that this Hadith was never uttered by the Prophet and probably made up for personal reasons of Abu Bakra, who claimed to have heard the Hadith spoken by the... ... as instructing them not to give any wealth to women, the foolish. This is quite obvious narrow interpretation of the text, which meant not to give your to any foolish person no matter the sex. Mernissi goes on to give other texts which are harder to reject the sexist attitude in them, but goes on to give the example of Muhammad and his life as the ideal Islam or Muslim way of life. She wraps up the book by saying that the Muslim man could not accept the change in the present time back in Muhammad's time and has not been able since then to let go of the past. She also started the book by describing how the Muslim nation has always fled to the past to escape change in the present and future. I agree with Mernissi when she says, "The image of `his women' will change when he feels the pressing need to root his future in a liberating memory" (Mernissi 195). Until Muslim men let go of their past, things will never change, unfortunately, for the women in that society. Mernissi got her point across really well in this book in a way which is simple for anybody to understand and I would like to know how the male elite handled and responded to this book when it came out.

A PR plan for ageless

The plastic industry has been growing over the years and has gained much popularity especially in the cosmetic surgery where the consumers, for example can undergo to have a tummy tuck, especially after giving birth.   This has been tremendous increase on the demand for plastic surgery especially among the female sex.In the beginning or earlier onset of this practice, most people viewed plastic surgery only meant for people who have been burnt, born with birth defects, accidents trauma and hence the introduction of cosmetic surgery took a lot of time to convince the potential consumers that its for enhancement or repair of their physical body outlook.More and more people have embraced the whole cosmetic surgery concept especially after the introduction and screening of reality shows, for example.   Extreme makeover, the Swan etc. this reality shows, has been an eye opener to the views (who are the potential clients) that it is safe and the physical results are amazing to the clie nt/participants of the show.In the US this industry has been becoming and other countries are following and practicing the cosmetic surgery especially in the Latin, Asian countries.   This industry has generated a lot of revenue fro the US and hence the other countries are following and what to introduce and encourage growth in the industry.The Ageless organization plans to expand their market globally and one to the country that it has chosen is; MexicoMEXICOThis is a large country that borders the US to the north and has a large population of over 100milion people.   The plastic surgery industry is not new to the country, because many of the locals have undergone some slight surgical procedures. For example breasts enhancement, reshaping of the nose etc.This country is perfect for our organization because of the demand of reputable and professional plastic surgeons.   This is due to the increase of unscrupulous people who refer themselves as plastic surgeons for the sake of making money from their patients while not doing the surgery we.   There has been an increase in cases, where some consumers have undergone a cosmetic surgery.For example tummy tucks and have ended-up with more surgical complications e.g. incomplete tummy tucks due to infection.The public relations will focus in communicating the positive side of cosmetic surgery, for example most people assume that this industry is only meant for the rich, celebrities e.g. musicians, actress but this is not true.   The ageless will offer cosmetic surgery at affordable prices for its consumers compared to the other practitioners, hence anyone seeking for the service can be able to afford it.The cosmetic surgery helps people to fix any birth defects or abnormalities that the potential   consumer is uncomfortable with e.g. reshaping of the nose, face lift which will be preformed incase where there is premature formation of wrinkles due to financial stress, effects of facial creams etc.The public realtions has decided to focus their main attention of communication to the female gender.   This is because this the largest and willing consumer who opt for cosmetic surgery to fix their physical problems.   The communication strategies will mainly focus on women who have already given birth.   After careful analysis, it was found out women who have given birth seek for affordable cosmetic surgery to help them fix some of the aftermath physique problems for example decrease of stretch marks by use of raiser dermatology technique removal of excess skin especially at the abdominal area etc.Most of the market segments i.e. the women; it has been observed that immediately after giving birth, they gain baby fat of which after vigorous exercise plan they are able to shed-off the baby fat still resulting to loose skin, the breasts drooping and this shatters their self-esteem. The breasts drooping and this shatters their self-esteem.The women don’t feel beautiful or sexy for their husbands.   This outcome has resulted to many marriages been affected since there is no sexual intimacy.   The women feel that they can no longer wear bathing suits e.g. bikinis or small tops because of the physical outlook.The cosmetic surgery will help the women get back their youthful body through for example tummy tucks (where the excess skin is removed, breast enlargement by adding of breast implants) and the groove back in the marital bed.Strategies for communicationThe PR will engage the use model hierarchy –of- effects for the communication and creation of publicity to the targeted consumers.   In this model, the buyers purchase decision is proceeded by steps such as convictions about the service benefits through various means for example testimonials from women who have   undergone cosmetic surgery to fix problems   that resulted form pregnancy.The preference for the brand i.e. ageless brand, liking and been the preferred choice brand. Knowledge rela ting to the to the benefits and features of the service after an awareness of the service has been gained through the use of classified advertisements, publicity etc.The basic model implication of this model is that function of persuasive communication should be handled deftly at every stage of the consumers adoption process.   In this model it will embrace some of the tools that will be used in the launching of the company and the service that it will offer.